Friday, October 18, 2019

Instruction of St. Augustine on Esther: The mystery of God's action on free will (Contra II epist. Pelagianorum)


Next week we read from Esther in the Office of Readings.

How has the Lord commanded us to pray for those who persecute us? Do we pray thus, that the grace of God may be recompensed in them for the sake of their good will, and not rather that the evil will itself may be changed into a good one? But how many enemies of Christ are at the present day suddenly attracted by God's secret grace to Christ! Nobody can come to me without being attracted towards me by the Father who sent me.  For he does not say, "without being led", so that we can thus in any way understand that his will precedes. For who is attracted, if he was already willing? And yet no man comes unless he is willing. Therefore, he is attracted in wondrous ways to will, by him who knows how to work within the very hearts of men. Not that men who are unwilling should believe, which cannot be, but that they should be made willing from being unwilling.

And what is that which Esther the queen prays when she says, Form my utterance, as I speak with this fierce lord of mine, and embitter him against our enemy? How does she say such things as these in her prayer to God, if God does not work his will in men's hearts? But perchance the woman was foolish in praying thus. Let us see, then, whether the desire of the petitioner was vainly sent on in advance, and whether the results did not follow as of one who heard. Lo, she goes in to the king. We need not say much. And because she did not approach him in her own order, under the compulsion of her great necessity, he looked upon her, as it is written, like a bull in the impulse of his indignation. And the queen feared, and her color was changed through faintness, and she bowed herself upon the head of her maid, who went before her. And God changed him, and converted his indignation into mildness. Now what need is there to relate what follows, where the divine Scripture testifies that God fulfilled what she had asked for by working in the heart of the king; what else than the will by which he commanded, and it was done as the queen had asked of him? And now God had heard her that it should be done, who changed the heart of the king by a most secret and efficacious power before he had heard the address of the woman beseeching him, and molded it from indignation to mildness—that is, from the will to hurt, to the will to favor—according to that word of the apostle, God worketh in you to will.

Did the men of God who wrote these things—nay, did the Spirit of God himself, under whose guidance such things were written by them—assail the free-will of man? Away with the notion! But he commended both the righteous judgement and the most merciful aid of the Omnipotent in all cases. For it is enough for man to know that there is no unrighteousness with God. But as to how he dispenses those benefits, making some deservedly objects of his vengeance, others graciously objects of his mercy—who hath forwarded the spirit of the Lord, or who has been his counsellor? If, then, we attain to the honor of grace, let us not be ungrateful by attributing ourselves what we have received. For what powers have we that did not come to us by gift?

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